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Health of Children Living in Urban Slums in Asia and the Near East: Review of Existing Literature and Data

Immunization Immunizations are one of the most important tools we have to protect children from a wide range of diseases, including polio, measles, mumps, rubella, influenza, tetanus, diph- theria, and pertussis. Without immunizations, a much larger number of children in North America would die each year or live with the chronic effects of these diseases. Immunization coverage can also be an indicator of access to primary health care. In the United States, the proportion of children age 19 to 35 months receiving the recommended schedule of vaccines has increased from 69 percent in 1994 to 82 percent in 2005. 31 Still, many children in the United States are missing. | ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROJECT Activity Report 109 Health of Children Living in Urban Slums in Asia and the Near East Review of Existing Literature and Data by Sarah Fry Bill Cousins and Ken Olivola May 2002 Prepared for the Asia and Near East Bureau of USAID under EHP Project 26568 OTHER.ANE.STARTUP Environmental Health Project Contract HRN-I-00-99-00011-00 is sponsored by Office of Health Infectious Diseases and Nutrition Bureau for Global Health U.S. Agency for International Development Washington DC 20523 Contents Preface.v Acknowledgments.vi About the Authors.vii Abbreviations.ix Executive Summary.xi 1. Introduction.1 Background.1 Purpose and Audience.2 Guiding Principles and Methodology.2 Overview of Activity Report.3 Discussion of the Nature of Existing Urban Health Data.4 2. Child Health Status and Determinants in Three Cities.7 India and Ahmedabad.7 Child Health Status.9 Child Health Determinants.11 The Philippines and Manila.16 Child Health Status.17 Child Health Determinants.18 Egypt and Cairo.20 Child Health Status.21 Child Health Determinants.22 Evidence from Other Cities and Countries.25 3. Overview of Urbanization in Asia and the Near East.29 Global Trends in Urbanization and Urbanism .29 Country Examples of Urbanization.31 4. Description of the Urban Poor.35 Location and Living Conditions of Urban Poor.35 Environmental Health Conditions.38 Health Service Coverage.40 Sociocultural Conditions Family Structure and Family Economy.42 Hidden Strengths in Urban Poor Communities.44 5. Synthesis of Available Urban Slum Child Health Data.47 Results of a Review of Literature.47 Areas Requiring Further Study.49 .