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Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 3
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Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective - Part 3. This book describes a revolution within a revolution, the opening up of the capacity of the now-familiar optical fiber to carry more messages, handle a wider variety of transmission types, and provide improved reliabilities and ease of use. In many places where fiber has been installed simply as a better form of copper, even the gigabit capacities that result have not proved adequate to keep up with the demand. The inborn human voracity for more and more bandwidth, plus the growing realization that there are other flexibilities to be had by imaginative use of the fiber, have led people. | XX Contents II Networks 361 6 Client Layers of the Optical Layer 363 6.1 SONET SDH. 364 6.1.1 Multiplexing. 367 6 1.2 SONET SDH Layers. 370 6.1.3 SONET Frame Structure. 371 6 1.4 SONET SDH Physical Layer. . 375 6.1.5 Elements of a SONET SDH Infrastructure. 378 6.2 ATM . 381 6.2.1 Functions of ATM. 382 6.2.2 Adaptation Layers. 385 6.2.3 Quality of Service. 386 6.2.4 Flow Control. 387 6.2.5 Signaling and Routing. 387 6.3 IP. 388 6.3.1 Routing and Forwarding. 390 6.3.2 Quality of Service. 392 6.3.3 Multiprotocol Label Switching MPLS . 392 6 3 4 Whither ATM . 394 6.4 Storage-Area Networks. 395 6.4.1 ESCON. 396 6.4.2 Fibre Channel. 397 64 3 HIPPI. 397 6.5 Gigabit and 10-Gigabit Ethernet. 398 Summary . 398 Further Reading. 399 Problems. 399 References. 401 7 WDM Network Elements 403 7.1 Optical Line Terminals. 406 7.2 Optical Line Amplifiers. 408 7.3 Optical Add Drop Multiplexers. 408 7.3.1 OADM Architectures. 411 7.3.2 Reconfigurable OADMs. 417 7.4 Optical Crossconnects. 419 7.4.1 All-Optical oxc Configurations. 425 Summary . 428 Further Reading. 430 Contents xxi Problems. 431 References. 433 8 WDM Network Design 437 8.1 Cost Trade-Offs A Detailed Ring Network Example . 441 8.2 LTD and RWA Problems. 448 8.2.1 Lightpath Topology Design . 449 8.2.2 Routing and Wavelength Assignment. 454 8.2.3 Wavelength Conversion. 457 8.2.4 Relationship to Graph Coloring. 461 8.3 Dimensioning Wavelength-Routing Networks . 462 8.4 Statistical Dimensioning Models. 464 8.4.1 First-Passage Model . 466 8.4.2 Blocking Model. 467 8.5 Maximum Load Dimensioning Models. 475 8.5.1 Offline Lightpath Requests. 475 8.5.2 Online RWA in Rings. 481 Summary . 482 Further Reading. 484 Problems. 484 References. 488 9 Control and Management 495 9.1 Network Management Functions. 495 9.1.1 Management Framework . 497 9.1.2 Information Model. 499 9.1.3 Management Protocols. 500 9.2 Optical Layer Services and Interfacing. 502 9.3 Layers within the Optical Layer. 504 9.4 Multivendor Interoperability. 505 9.5 .