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Urban Health and Society: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Research and Practice - Part 10

Urban Health and Society: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Research and Practice - Part 10. This book provides the most current frameworks, research, and approaches for understanding how unique features of the urban physical and social environments that shape the health of over half of the world's population that is already residing in large cities. Its interdisciplinary research and practice focus is a welcome innovation. | Influences on Children s Health in the Urban Context 71 the level of the mesosystem and or exosystem see Figure 4.2 in both developing and developed world cities.6-8 57-59 As a result large numbers of children under the age of five die from causes that would have been preventable given adequate care.1-4 In fact in the forty-two countries that in 2000 accounted for 90 percent of all deaths of children under age five 63 percent of those deaths could have been prevented if these children had adequate access to basic health services.60 In the U.S. context persons of lower SES often lack critical health insurance coverage.61 62 A third defining characteristic of cities is density.49 This density may influence such physical environmental factors affecting child health within the microsystem as the availability of green space and other play or recreational space for children 63 the urban climate traffic noise and air pollution 46 64 65 exposure to lead and other environmental toxins and hazardous waste 46 66-68 and water scarcity pollution and sanitation.11 26 In addition density contributes to diversity in urban areas social environmental factors result in the physical proximity of rich and poor neighborhoods.56 69 The physical proximity of these different neighborhoods usually influences children at the level of the exosystem. One salient aspect of urban as opposed to rural contexts that affects child health is traffic congestion.46 This typically operates at the level of the microsystem. Street traffic raises the risk of pediatric injuries70 and is also related to restrictions in outdoor play for five-year-old children and to poorer social and motor skills.71 Further children and families have smaller social networks and interact less with their neighbors on congested streets.71 72 Additionally traffic congestion is related to higher levels of pollutants and noise pollution which both adversely affect child health.46 Another distinguishing feature of the urban .